To introduce you to the essentials of body language. In this intermediate level book, we will take our discussion higher than the basic book I by considering some other vital aspects of body language. We will expatiate on the foundation laid in the first book. Body language reading is essential to every individual that deals with people. The reason being that communication in most ethnic groups is based on non-verbal. So, what people fail to utter with the words of their mouth is better echoed with the actions of their body. In law enforcement, learning how to read body language of criminal suspect is becoming an indispensable part of our job and having an accurate knowledge of it will place you above par. In this chapter, I will take you through some essential aspects of body language which will serve as a building block to what we intend to peruse in the whole book. Facial expression is arguably one of the foremost emotions that can be read in a person. So, how is it done and what is the place of culture in its interpretation? This will be one of our foremost engagements in the chapter. Also, we will consider the concept of space and distance and how it is related to crime detection.

To understand how lies are being conceptualized. Let me categorically state that all criminals are liars. They all use lies as a potent tool to committing evil and being in it. A scammer will not open up to you that he wants to defraud you of your hard-earned money; they would rather come as lovers or a person in need of help. This is a lie! In this chapter, I will expatiate all you need to know about liars by first differentiating between truth and lies. One of the main reasons people fall victim of ill circumstances is that they don’t know what the truth is and as such, any illusion of it is taken as one. An indisputable tool that sets you free from ignorance is truth and I will take my time to expatiate on it. Furthermore, the second aspect of the chapter will talk about the features of liars. It must be understood that lie is a conscious act; it is not a natural part of our being and people have to labor to birth it. So, every lie is planned before being hatched. Liars are tricky and when you think you have known all their ways, they show up in another unexpected dimension. So, this chapter aptly discusses the features almost every liar possesses.

To understand issues related to lying. Lying is not a simple concept which can be described with a bluff. Before a lie can be told, the person must make a conscious effort into framing it up and then, perfecting it so as to make it appear as being truthful. From the foregoing, it can invariably be concluded that a lie is not an innate part of any human. The first thing I aim to do in this chapter is to give you diverse definitions of lies so as to open up your mind to its various meanings. From there, I will take a step further by considering the origin of lies. Since we have unanimously agreed that lie is not an innate part of our being, so, where does it evolve from? Criminals are fond of using five types of lies. In this chapter, I will explain each of them and how they can be tackled. It is not enough to know them; they only add up when you know how to battle them. Another crucial aspect we will beam our intellectual light on is the effects lies have on the society as whole. Does it make the society better or eats into the fabrics of morals? The curtain of the chapter will be drawn by explicating how the body of criminals reacts when they tell lies.

To understand the nexus between human lie detector and machine lie detector. Lie serves as the foundation for criminality and if the rate of crime would be reduced in human society, we must learn how to deal with it from the source. In a bid to do this, people came up with the idea of machine lie detector popularly known as polygraph. However, controversies have trailed the acceptability of the machine since its invention. In many western countries, the evidence brought by the machine is not admissible in court because they believe it can be subjected to all forms of manipulations. In this chapter, I will start out by explaining the human lie detector and why you should always abide by your intuitions. This is the most acceptable as it is knowledge-driven. Furthermore, I will peruse the machine lie detector in the most objective manner. This is to show that it isn’t totally useless as some schools of thoughts have painted it to be, but we must agree with scholars that describe it as being pseudoscientific. In conclusion, we will draw the thin line that exists between the two and make the differences clear.

To understand the concepts of non-verbal and vocal behaviors. The non-verbal communication is not only limited to body language signs, it also encompasses the vocal aspect of human behavior too. Thus, it is essential for us to have a full grasp of both concepts in order to know the ideal way to interpret body signals. We will start off by understanding the meaning of human behavior. That is, what makes us humane and how are we different from other species? Then, we will explicate the meaning of non-verbal behavior and give some apt examples to drive home our point. That is, what are the possible meanings of people’s unspoken words and how can we decode them as law enforcement officers? The chapter will be brought to an end by perusing vocal behavior. Although we have laid the foundation for this in Book I, we will broaden our knowledge by giving a deeper insight into the five vocal behaviors. The pitch of a person’s voice has something to tell about them. How? We will do this right in this chapter.

To understand the reasons law enforcement officers fail in catching liars. No doubt, we have all failed at a point or the other to nab liars—they simply outsmarted us or we were too naïve to decode their not-too-perfect antics. In as much as there is no reason to express any form of regret about this, it becomes absurd when we become consistent victim of this failure. I will open this chapter by taking you through the processes you can set up your mind for success. Failure and success are things of the mind and what becomes of you depends on which you activate. So, I will teach you steps to consciously take in order to witness all-round success. Furthermore, I will make you understand the concept of failure. It has been discovered that people erroneously run into failure without perceiving it from afar off. The main thrust of this chapter will be reasons why detectives fail to nab liars. As an experienced person coupled with many years of researches, I will practically walk you through factors that contribute to the failure of law enforcement officers during interrogations. This chapter is to make you see the loose points and how you can cover up.

To learn how you can improve on your lie detection skills. After discussing reasons why people fail, it would be most appropriate at this point to discuss how you can improve on your ability. Learning does not have an end and this invariably means you can improve on yourself till the end of your career. You should make conscious effort to break out of your mediocrity and acquire more knowledge, no matter the price this might require of you. Knowing that there is room for positive expansion is the first success nugget you need to triumph. Then, I will teach you how to improve your detection skills. Even though it takes a gradual process, you must get it right from the outset. So, what are the things required of you? And how can you begin to witness these improvements? All these will be explicated in the chapter. The major thrust of the section will be on eye movement. That is, we will consider the various meanings that eye signals bear at each point in time. NLP, a scientific term that deals with this would be explained to buttress our point.

To learn the interpretation of 23-body-parts movement. Scholars and experts in the field have divided body language clues into 23 basic parts for easy interpretation. The 23 parts are encapsulated within four major headings—head, torso, arms and legs. The way a criminal suspect carries their head hints you of their culpability of the crime being investigated. In this chapter, I will reel out all the possible meanings head movement can entail. Then, I will expertly link it to other parts of the body. This chapter promises to be a long read. However, I will compartmentalize it in a way that every bit of it will be engaging for you. The arms, torso and legs are also embodiments of body language clues, which in most cases, people do overlook. That phenomenal error would not be repeated in this book. When all the messages are taken together as clusters in addition to individual experiences along that line, getting hold of lying suspects will become relatively easy. Do you know that the color of a person’s face per time is a crucial body language signals? In this section, you will learn the meanings to colors of the face and if they can actually be feigned.

To have apt understanding of emotions of criminals. I have always said it when I take topics related to this that we are all emotional beings. Our emotions dictate the kind of opinion we hold about people. That is, there is a usual interruption of emotions in their intellectual endeavors which affect our overall view of world events. In this chapter, we will engage ourselves with one of the basic human emotions—fear. Fear comes to the fore in determining criminal emotion because their actions should naturally arouse it. However, many people are of the view that criminals can always feign this emotion. First, I will explain what fear and its diverse meanings. Then, I will reel out seven basic things you need to know about it. All this is to enhance your knowledge on the concept. The question that will engage us for long is that: Is fear a natural part of humans? Then from there, we will sojourn into the main content of the chapter by considering how criminals exercise fear. Do they fidget? Do they attempt to cover it up? How do law enforcement officers know the real from the imaginary? All these questions are answered in the chapter.

To know the various interpretations of facial expressions. The saying that “the eyes are the windows to the soul” is better understood when considered from the perspective of the whole face. Many studies have been dedicated to the facial emotions and fortunately, most of them reached the same agreement. Thus, the face is an embodiment of many emotions which should be properly interpreted. May I quickly point out at this point that facial emotions can either be voluntary or involuntary and that means you need to heed to caution while interpreting the signals. The most referenced study in facial emotion is Paul Ekman’s universality theory. Although the study only pointed out seven basic emotions, in this lesson, I will discuss more as recent research has found out that there are many more emotions beyond the basic ones. Although each emotion would be explained on its own, while trying to interpret them, let them be done in clusters because isolated interpretation is a potential wrong interpretation. Of all the facial parts, the eyes bear more messages and that is why you must always be focused on it.

To understand the place of micro-expressions in facial expressions. In this chapter, we will further on our discussion on facial expressions but from another realm. Body language signals are divided into two main broad classes—macro expressions and micro expressions. While the former consists of signals that can be seen on the subject for long, the latter are cues that disappears on appearance. That is, a blink of the eye will make you miss out the vital clue. Most of these clues are domiciled in the face and that is why is discussion in this chapter is centered on micro-expressions and facial emotions. I will open the chapter by discussing the meaning of micro-behaviors in details. All grey areas would be expatiated so that you will not encounter unimagined challenges while interpreting the signals. I will also try to point out the link between micro expressions and facial emotions out in this aspect of our study. The second segment of our study will focus on the dangers of reading people’s facial expressions. People do forget that there are rules and laws preventing the invasion of people’s privacy and when it is violated indiscriminately, you can be sued. In this chapter, I will explain both the legal and moral dangers connected with reading people’s non-verbal clues.

To understand the relationship between micro-behavior and facial expressions. From the just discussed chapter, you should have understood that there is a strong and a somewhat an inseparable relationship between micro-expressions and facial expressions. One of the major contributions of behavioral science is the recognition of facial emotions which have been said to be universal—both literate and illiterate communities, even the blind were found to have the same facial expressions for same emotions. However, you should understand that the issue of facial emotions is both genetical and biological. They can be concealed and it only takes a well-versed officer to unravel them. In this section, I will lay a solid foundation with which you can always engage in any form of subject. This study is mainly based on Paul Ekman’s studies. Many of his submissions are considered and from there, we are able to draw reliable conclusions which can be practically applied to our daily encounters. The chapter will be concluded by considering the seven basic emotions as stated by Ekman. The features of each are listed out and ways in which they are interconnected.

To understand the place of body language in interviews. Body language plays a crucial role while interviewing a subject. This is not limited to only a criminal suspect but in every other interview context. In a nominal interview, the subject is lost and does not have time to evaluate the interviewer. In a criminal interview, the game is a two-way thing; both the interviewer and the interviewee evaluate each other. It is a game in which both parties are looking for a way to outsmart each other. If the law enforcement officer shows any sign of lackadaisical attitude, the suspect will catapult on that and win him to his side. So, law enforcement officers should be well-prepared before engaging a subject in an interview, especially the hardened criminals. In this chapter, I will take you through the process of setting up the room. When the room is not professionally set, many signs elude you. After putting up the room appropriately, the next thing is to focus on the subject. I will reel out five major clues that should not evade you and then conclude the chapter by emphasizing the need for you to read the signals in clusters.

To know the nexus between body language and criminal investigation. This chapter serves as the second phase for our tripartite discussion of engaging with criminal suspects in a questioning session. Investigation is more intense than interview and as such, you should expect more serious reactions than the former. Investigation is mostly formal and systematic. That is, it requires you to be composed and show a high level of expertise throughout the process. First, I will foreground the meaning of an investigation and the purpose which it serves. Investigation plays four essential roles and thus, you must be careful on verifying your outcome. In the same vein, I will briefly discuss information theory and how it relates to an investigative process. The aim of this chapter is to prepare beyond body language reading. You should know that getting verbal confession is usually the ultimate for every enforcement officer. So, body language clues should only serve as a means to an end. From there, I will discuss the impacts of body language in investigation and give out a catchy, relevant case study to drive home my point. The chapter would be brought to a close by considering ways to detect a guilty suspect during investigation.

To understand the roles of body language in interrogation. This final chapter serves as a means of wrapping up our discussion on the tripartite concepts. Also, it will mark the end of the book of how to uncover the deception of liars through their body language. Interrogation is no doubt the most intense questioning session and it usually involves high profile cases that must be won to the advantage of the society. That is why many societies are of the opinion that deception can be part of interrogation. That is, the interrogator can deceive the subject into saying the truth. However, there is a limit to which this can be done so that it would be admissible in court of law. So, our first point of call in this section is to understand what interrogation is and everything it is entailed of. In the second segment, I will explain the roles of body language in interrogation. Can body language be of help during interrogation? In what aspects can the enforcement officer rely on body language clues? Then, the curtain of the whole discussion would be drawn to a close by engaging ourselves with the body language signals of a guilty suspects and how innocent suspects would behave.